Researcher
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Joan Vernikos was the first in the U.S. to use both male and female volunteers lying in bed continuously with their head lower than their feet (-6 degrees head down). Conducting these human bed-rest studies was the ideal way to simulate the effects of long-term spaceflight. Russian scientists developed this method after noticing that cosmonauts returning from flight could not sleep properly because they felt they were sliding off the foot of the bed. However, they slept normally and felt level when the foot of the bed was raised 15".
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